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UCSD Study Shows 'Junk' DNA Has Evolutionary Importance


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Genetic material derisively called "junk" DNA because it does not contain the instructions for protein-coding genes and appears to have little or no function is actually critically important to an organism’s evolutionary survival, according to a study conducted by a biologist at UCSD.

 

lefthttp://hypography.com/gallery/files/9/9/8/fruitfly_thumb.jpg[/img]In the October 20 issue of Nature, Peter Andolfatto, an assistant professor of biology at UCSD, shows that these non-coding regions play an important role in maintaining an organism’s genetic integrity. In his study of the genes from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, he discovered that these regions are strongly affected by natural selection, the evolutionary process that preferentially leads to the survival of organisms and genes best adapted to the environment.

 

Andolfatto’s findings are important because the similarity of genome sequences in fruit flies, worms and humans suggest that similar processes are probably responsible for the differences between humans and their close evolutionary relatives.

 

"Sequencing of the complete genome in humans, fruit flies, nematodes and plants has revealed that the number of protein-coding genes is much more similar among these species than expected," he says. "Curiously, the largest differences between major species groups appear to be the amount of ‘junk’ DNA rather than the number of genes."

 

Using a recently developed population genetic approach, Andolfatto showed in his study that these expansive regions of "junk" DNA - which in Drosophila accounts for about 80 percent of the fly’s total genome - are evolving more slowly than expected due to natural selection pressures on the non-protein-coding DNA to remain the same over time.

 

"This pattern most likely reflects resistance to the incorporation of new mutations," he says. "In fact, 40 to 70 percent of new mutations that arise in non-coding DNA fail to be incorporated by this species, which suggests that these non-protein-coding regions are not ‘junk,’ but are somehow functionally important to the organism."

 

Andolfatto also found that "junk" regions exhibit an unusually large amount of functional genetic divergence between different species of Drosophila, further evidence that these regions are evolutionarily important to organisms. This implies that, like evolutionary changes to proteins, changes to these "junk" parts of the genome also play an important role in the evolution of new species.

 

"Protein evolution has traditionally been emphasized as a key facet of genome evolution and the evolution of new species," says Andolfatto. "The degree of protein sequence similarity between humans and chimpanzees, and other closely-related but morphologically distinct taxa, has prompted several researchers to speculate that most adaptive differences between taxa are due to changes in gene regulation and not protein evolution. My results lend support to this view by demonstrating that regulatory changes have been of great importance in the evolution of new Drosophila species."

 

Source: University of California - San Diego

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Agreed. Nature tends to do away with anything that can be seen as a mis-use of resources, and I know that the elements that make up DNA are not "cheap" at all locations. A bacteria that used a large amount of an element to carry the map would be out-competed by those that removed the "junk" RNA, so "junk" cannot truely be junk.

 

Even if it is a place marker, or a spacer, it still has a use.

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My suspicion is that much of the non-coding “junk” part of various genomes are simply coding regions that have been “switched off”, and may, in reaction to future environmental or genetic events, become switched on again. Rather than “junk”, this DNA may actually be “archived library” data. Andolfatto’s research, which appears to imply that some mechanism is at work to keep junk DNA intact and unchanged, supports this hypothesis.

 

There’s much interesting speculation as to how such switching might take place, from such subject idea spaces as Punctuation Equilibrium Evolution to those who suspect that viruses may play a role in incorporating individual genomes into a larger information system, an idea embraced by many who subscribe to Gaia theory.

 

Of one thing I’m confident: the coming decades of genetic research are going to continue to be intensely interesting.

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