Sunspots and stable nuclear fusion reactors

[blain1]

Sunspots are one kind of standard stable nuclear fusion reactors.

 

Then, how can we know that sunspots are stable nuclear fusion reactors?

Every sunspot has a magnetic field. The magnetic field of a circular sunspot is similar to the magnetic field at the end of a long solenoid.

Some astronomers such as Hale and Cowling want to use circular electric currents to simulate the magnetic fields of the sunspots.

The circular electric currents are very large (1,000,000,000,000 Amperes for middle size circular sunspots), if we use a long solenoid to simulate the magnetic field of a circular sunspot.

In nuclear fusion experiments such as Z-pinch experiments, hollow cylindrical plasmas (a long solenoid) with large circular electric currents will pinch and form high temperature high density hollow cylindrical plasmas, and nuclear fusion reactions will happen in these plasmas.

So, strong stable magnetic fields of the sunspots just mean that there are stable nuclear fusion reactions in the sunspots.

 

But there is a problem, who produce the large circular electric currents of the long solenoids of the sunspots?

Astronomers think that sunspots are magnetic flux tubes, because nobody knows how to produce these large circular electric currents of long solenoids.

In high temperature plasmas, large circular electric currents just mean that large number of electrons, protons and ions move circularly in different direction or in same direction with different speed.

According to Newton’s three laws of motion (notice: Do not use Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation of fluid mechanics), we need a centripetal force to drive the electrons, protons and ions move circularly.

But there are problems:

There are different kinds of centripetal forces, so what kind of the centripetal force drives these electrons, protons and ions of plasmas move circularly? Can this centripetal force describe all the plasmas motions of the sunspots (include Evershed flow)? Who produce this centripetal force?

[blain1]

We cannot get an answer just by studying sunspots, we must study other phenomena.

Sunspots must be similar to atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and hurricanes, if sunspots are stable nuclear fusion reactors, why? Because all of them release huge amount of heats continuously or in pulse manner, they are heats phenomena.

Then, what are similarity and differences among atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, hurricanes and sunspots?

(1) Eyes

The umbrae of the sunspots are just the eyes of the sunspots, like the eyes of hurricanes.

(2) Eyewalls and magnetic fields

The magnetic fields of circular sunspots can be simulated by long solenoids with large circular electric currents. These long solenoids are just eyewalls of the sunspots, like eyewalls of the hurricanes. There are heavy rains in the eyewalls of the hurricanes; but there are large circular electric currents and nuclear fusion reactions in the eyewalls of the sunspots.

(3) Evershed flow

Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, hurricanes and sunspots all have Evershed kind of outflows. But velocity of the Evershed flow of the sunspot is very large (1-9km/s).

(4) Low temperature

The temperatures of the sunspots and some mushroom clouds of hydrogen bombs are lower than that of their surrounding atmosphere.

(5) Latitude distribution and periodical cycles.

Hurricanes are similar to sunspots in latitude distribution and periodical variations of numbers.

(6) Energy

Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, hurricanes and sunspots all are heat phenomena.

 

Conclusion:

Some astronomers such as John Herschel and Hale think that sunspots are cyclone vortices of the sun.

In fact, sunspots are just hurricanes of the sun, and these hurricanes have large circular electric currents and nuclear fusion reactions in their eyewalls.

So sunspots are one kind of standard stable nuclear fusion reactors.

The complex structures and motions of atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, hurricanes and sunspots are caused by heats, so heats can produce some kinds of forces directly (Notice: Do not use Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation of fluid mechanics). Certainly, electromagnetic forces play a role in eyewalls of the sunspots.

But there is a problem: how to describe atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, hurricanes and sunspots mathematically?

[Moontanman]

Do you have any evidence to back this up? I have never read about hydrogen fusion taking place in sunspots or anywhere in the sun other than in it's core.

[Buffy]

He's using Herschel and Hale as references. I think that pretty much speaks for itself....

 

You seem a sober ancient gentleman by your habit, B)

Buffy

[blain1]

Do you have any evidence to back this up? I have never read about hydrogen fusion taking place in sunspots or anywhere in the sun other than in it's core.

 

 

The eyewalls of sunspots have huge amounts of the circular electric currents (1,000,000,000,000 Amperes for middle size circular sunspots), so plasmas in eyewalls of sunspots are in pinch state, that is, in high temperature high density state, so stable nuclear fusion reactions can happen in eyewalls of sunspots.

[UncleAl]

Solar fusion is in the core. The surface is more than 1000 years behind core conditions - outward diffusion of photons is slow. No nuclear fusion takes place at the surface. Chemstry is eV, nuclear is MeV - no spectroscopic evidence of it happening at the surface.

 

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Homepage

 

The surface is a magnetohydrodynamic mess, but not beyond that There is no meaningful surface H-H nuclear fusion, for the temperature-pressure-time triple product is nowhere near large enough.

[blain1]

He's using Herschel and Hale as references. I think that pretty much speaks for itself....

 

You seem a sober ancient gentleman by your habit, :)

Buffy

 

 

Why do not you believe John Herschel and Hale?

The magnetic flux tubes model of sunspots even cannot explain the origin of the magnetic fields of sunspots.

[blain1]

Solar fusion is in the core. The surface is more than 1000 years behind core conditions - outward diffusion of photons is slow. No nuclear fusion takes place at the surface. Chemstry is eV, nuclear is MeV - no spectroscopic evidence of it happening at the surface.

 

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Homepage

 

The surface is a magnetohydrodynamic mess, but not beyond that There is no meaningful surface H-H nuclear fusion, for the temperature-pressure-time triple product is nowhere near large enough.

 

 

 

Pinch, pinch, pinch.

I have already pointed out that the eyewalls of sunspots have huge amounts of the circular electric currents (1,000,000,000,000 Amperes for middle size circular sunspots), so plasmas in eyewalls of sunspots are in pinch state, that is, in high temperature high density state, so stable nuclear fusion reactions can happen in eyewalls of sunspots.

Z-pinch fusion experiments are done almost every day; do you not believe these experiments?

Some CMEs and solar flares of the sun are caused by these pinch processes in the eyewalls of the sunspots.

Sunspots are ion-pumps and electron-pumps too; the X-ray photos of the sun reveal that almost all high temperature (above one million Kelvin) high energy phenomena of the sun are related to the sunspots.

[freeztar]

I have already pointed out that the eyewalls of sunspots have huge amounts of the circular electric currents (1,000,000,000,000 Amperes for middle size circular sunspots), so plasmas in eyewalls of sunspots are in pinch state, that is, in high temperature high density state, so stable nuclear fusion reactions can happen in eyewalls of sunspots.

 

I'm not familiar with the term "eyewalls of sunspots". Do you have a good link to read about this?

 

Sunspots are known for being low temperature areas on the sun. How does this correspond with "high temperature" in sunspots?

 

A sunspot is an area on the Sun's surface (photosphere) that is marked by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection, forming areas of reduced surface temperature.

 

As Al said, the fusion takes place in the core, not on the surface.

 

If you have some sources to back up your claims, please provide them (per site rules).

[blain1]

I'm not familiar with the term "eyewalls of sunspots". Do you have a good link to read about this?

 

Sunspots are known for being low temperature areas on the sun. How does this correspond with "high temperature" in sunspots?

 

 

 

As Al said, the fusion takes place in the core, not on the surface.

 

If you have some sources to back up your claims, please provide them (per site rules).

 

 

 

Eyewalls of sunspots can only appear in vortex models of the sunspots.

 

Astronomers think that the sun can maintain stable nuclear fusion reactions in its core just by a centripetal force (gravity), it is a good idea, but it cannot be verified by experiments, because nobody can go in inside of the sun. I must emphasis that physics is an experimental science.

Fusion scientists think that they can achieve stable nuclear fusion reactions just by electromagnetic forces, but they have not succeeded.

We do not know that heats can produce forces directly.

Sunspots kind stable nuclear fusion reactors are governed by a centripetal force and electromagnetic forces.

 

Sunspots are complicated phenomena; we must study them in detail. I give following references to you.

Reference:

Anthes, R. A. 1982 Tropical Cyclones, —Their Evolution, Structure and Effects, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1982.

Bray, R. J. & Loughhead, R. E. 1964 Sunspots, Chapman and Hall LTD., London.

Glasstone S. & Dolan P. J. (eds.), 1977 The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd Edition, United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington.

Liberman, M. A., De Groot, J. S., Toor, A. & Spielman, R. B. 1999 Physics of High-Density Z-Pinch Plasmas, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York.

Ribe, F. L. 1975 Fusion Reactor Systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 7-41.

Ryutov, D. D., Derzon, M. S. & Matzen, M. K. 2000 The Physics of Fast Z Pinches, Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 167-223.

Schrijver C. J. & Zwaan, C. 2000 Solar and Stellar Magnetic Activity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sheffield, J. 1994 The Physics of Magnetic Fusion Reactors, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 1015-1103.

Simpson R. H. & Riehl, H. 1981 The Hurricane and Its Impact, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge and London.

Solanki, S. K. 2003 Sunspots, A & A Rev. 11, 153-286, DOI. 10.1007/s00159-003-0018-4.

Stix, M. 2002 The Sun, an Introduction, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Thomas J. H. & Weiss, N. O. 1992 Sunspots: Theory and Observations, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Thomas, J. H. & Weiss, N. O. 2004 Fine Structure in Sunspots, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42, 517-548.

Zirin, H. 1988 Astrophysics of the Sun, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[freeztar]

I fail to see how centripetal force is a factor. I also fail to see the correlation between earth-bound hurricanes and sunspots.

 

Thanks for the references, but do you know of any good online references that can be read without taking a trip to the university library?

[blain1]

I fail to see how centripetal force is a factor. I also fail to see the correlation between earth-bound hurricanes and sunspots.

 

Thanks for the references, but do you know of any good online references that can be read without taking a trip to the university library?

 

 

At present, astronomers think that sunspots are magnetic flux tubes, nobody discuss vortex models of sunspots again, and we cannot find any kind of materials about vortex models of sunspots in any websites.

 

Vortex models of sunspots are very important in history of sunspots. I go a step forward from vortex models of sunspots, because Hale’s vortex of sunspots will evolve into stable nuclear fusion reactors.

 

Ions and electrons in vortex models of sunspots move circularly, we certainly need centripetal forces.

 

You can visit websites of SOHO, TRACE, SOLARB, Yohkoh, there are a lot of soft X-ray and X-ray images and videos of the sun, and you will find that almost all high temperature (above one million Kelvin) high energy phenomena of the sun are related to the sunspots.

[blain1]

The temperatures of umbrae of the sunspots are approximate 4,500k; they are almost 1,000k lower than that of their surrounding photosphere.

 

Some mushroom clouds of hydrogen bombs are black too, that is, their temperatures are lower than that of their surrounding atmosphere.

 

The lower temperature of sunspots and hydrogen bombs is a simple phenomenon of gas dynamics.

 

The lower temperature phenomenon of sunspots is a proof, which can prove that sunspots are stable nuclear fusion reactors. But some people use this proof to reject that sunspots are stable nuclear fusion reactors.

 

 

[blain1]

Newton, Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation of fluid mechanics (1)

 

Newton said in preface of his Principia that rational mechanics will be the science of motions resulting from any forces whatsoever, and of the forces required to produce any motions, accurately proposed and demonstrated. He said that for all the difficulty of philosophy seems to consist in this--from the phenomena of motions to investigate the forces of the nature, and then from these forces to demonstrate the other phenomena; and to this end the general propositions in the first and second book are directed. In the third book we give an example of this in the explication of the system of the world; for by the propositions mathematically demonstrated in the former books, we in the third derive from celestial phenomena the forces of gravity with which bodies tend to the sun and several planets. Then from these forces, by other propositions which are also mathematical, we deduce the motions of the planets, the comets, the moon, and the sea. I wish we could derive the rest of the phenomena of nature by the same kind of reasoning from mechanical principles.

 

Newton said that for all the difficulty of philosophy seems to consist in this--from the phenomena of motions to investigate the forces of the nature, and then from these forces to demonstrate the other phenomena. In fact, Newton’s main idea, or his principle of philosophy consists in this--from the phenomena of motions to investigate the forces of the nature, and then from these forces to demonstrate the other phenomena. Newton needs mathematical tools, when he investigates forces from the phenomena of motions and deduces other phenomena from these forces; so Newton writes book Ⅰand book Ⅱ; these two books are just mathematical tools. Book Ⅲ demonstrates Newton’s main idea or principle of philosophy--from the phenomena of motions to investigate the forces of the nature, and then from these forces to demonstrate the other phenomena; Newton derives gravity from celestial phenomena of the solar system, and then deduces other phenomena of the solar system by the gravity. Certainly Newton thinks that he can solve other natural phenomena by his main idea or principle of philosophy.

 

In fluid mechanics, we use Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation to describe the phenomena of the fluid motions; Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation use pressure forces, friction forces, buoyant forces, and coriolis forces etc.

It is obvious that Euler, Navier and Stokes did not fully understand Newton’s Principia, and did not follow Newton’s main idea or the mechanical principle.

Newton wants to derive forces from phenomena of motions, but Euler, Navier and Stokes do not; Newton wants to deduce other phenomena by the forces, which are derived from the phenomena of motions, but Euler, Navier and Stokes deduce the phenomena of fluid motions by pressure forces, friction forces, coriolis forces, and buoyant forces etc. and none of these forces is derived from phenomena of fluid motions.

Euler, Navier and Stokes omit the first process of Newton’s main idea or the mechanical principle: from the phenomena of motions to investigate the forces of the nature.

Why does Newton emphasis that a force must be derived from the phenomena of motions?

[blain1]

Newton, Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation of fluid mechanics (2)

 

Why does Newton emphasis that a force must be derived from the phenomena of motions?

Because this is the best and the most accurate method, with which we can directly find the true causes and reasons (in Newton’s word, causes and reasons are just forces) of the motions.

Euler, Navier and Stokes do not follow Newton’s rule, and want to use pressure forces to describe all kinds of phenomena of fluid motions, this is a big mistake, nobody can guaranty that pressure forces are true causes and reasons of all kinds of fluid motions, because pressure forces are not derived from phenomena of fluid motions.

According to Newton’s rule, the forces, which will be used to describe all kinds of fluid motions, must be derived from the phenomena of fluid motions.

So Euler equation and Navier-Stokes equation are useless.

 

Newton is a Giant, so we must strictly follow him.

In mechanics, we just care about forces and motions, motions and forces, different kinds of forces produce different kinds of motions and different kinds of motions need different kinds of forces.

In mechanics, we just care forces, we do not need differential equations; we just see a gravity force when we see the solar system, we just see a centripetal force when we see hurricanes, and we just see a centripetal force and electromagnetic forces when we see sunspots, or in Newton’s word, we can derive a centripetal force from the phenomena of the fluid motions of hurricanes, and then we can use this centripetal force, and magnetic forces, to demonstrate the plasmas motions of the sunspots.

 

Batchelor, G. K. 1994 An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Newton, I. 1686 Principia, Daniel Adee, New York (republished in 1848).

[blain1]

Pinch, solar flares and CMEs.

In above posts, we know that the eyewalls of sunspots have huge amounts of the circular electric currents (1,000,000,000,000 Amperes for middle size circular sunspots), so plasmas in eyewalls of sunspots will pinch and will be in high temperature (above 10 million Kelvin) high density state, and stable nuclear fusion reactions can happen in eyewalls of sunspots.

Eyewalls of sunspots will eject masses when plasmas in eyewalls of sunspots pinch.

Some CMEs and solar flares of the sun are caused by these pinch processes in eyewalls of sunspots.

 

Solar flare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coronal mass ejection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

 

[Moontanman]

Nice pictures but neither one of your links support the idea of nuclear fusion occurring in a solar flare.