G-Zero Experiment Spots Strange Quarks Influencing Proton Structure

[C1ay]

In research conducted at Jefferson Lab, nuclear physicists in the G-Zero collaboration have found that particles called strange quarks do, indeed, contribute to the proton's properties. Specifically, they've found that strange quarks help determine a proton's charge distribution and its magnetization.

 

lefthttp://hypography.com/gallery/files/9/9/8/pentaquarks_quarks_thumb.jpg[/img]To some, the idea that strange quarks are integral in determining the properties of protons, one of the building blocks of the nucleus found in all ordinary matter, could seem, well, strange. That's because strange quarks typically aren't permanent residents of the proton. That title belongs to the two lightest of the six quarks: those labeled up and down. However, the strange quark, which is the next-lightest, may visit the proton on occasion by popping into and out of existence in the "quark-gluon sea" - a seething mass of particles created out of energy from the strong force.

 

What's in the Proton?

In simple terms, a proton is built of three permanent quarks (two up and one down quark) that constantly swap particles called gluons. These gluons carry the strong force, so this swapping of gluons is what "glues" the quarks tightly together into protons, neutrons and other particles. The force is so strong, in fact, that you'll never find one quark alone. Instead, they're usually found bound together in pairs or triplets (like the proton).

 

In the proton, the strange quarks appear in pairs, consisting of a strange quark and its anti-particle, the strange anti-quark. Pairs of any of the six quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom or top) and their anti-quarks may also appear. However, the G-Zero collaboration is looking for strange quarks, because it's thought that they would be the most likely to have a visible effect.

 

Where do these strange quark pairs come from? They're created from energy that permeates space at the extremely minuscule level of quarks. Some of this energy is attributed to the strong force, in fact. And it's thought that more than 99% of the proton's mass actually comes from this strong force energy. Strange quarks are created from the strong force energy just like Einstein's famous E=mc2 equation predicts.

 

Physicists prefer to say that this energy fluctuates into mass and then back to energy again. The result is the quark-gluon sea of particles that seem to pop into and out of existence. What G-Zero scientists want to know is if and to what extent strange quarks contribute to the structure of proton that they've suddenly appeared inside.

 

To find out, the G-Zero collaboration, an international group of 108 physicists from 19 institutions, staged a multi-year, multi-million dollar experiment at Jefferson Lab. According to Doug Beck, a professor of physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the spokesperson for the G-Zero collaboration, one way to see these strange quarks is to measure them through the weak force.

 

Forces of Nature

There are four forces in nature that provide the ground rules for how matter and energy behave in the universe. They are gravity, the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force. G-Zero uses two of these forces: the electromagnetic force and the weak force. That's because Jefferson Lab's accelerator uses electrons to probe matter - functioning kind of like a giant electron microscope for peeking into the nucleus.

 

These electrons are packed with energy in the Lab's accelerator and are then sent into an experimental target. Some of these electrons will collide, or "interact," with the nuclei in the target. The electrons may interact with the nuclei either through the electromagnetic force or the weak force. G-Zero aims to take snapshots of the nucleus by measuring particles from each of these interactions and comparing them.

 

"If we look with photons via the electromagnetic interaction, we see quarks inside the proton. And then, if we do it with the weak interaction, we see a very similar, yet distinctly different view of the quarks. And it's by comparing those pictures that we can get at the strange quark contribution," Beck says.

 

The G-Zero physicists use a trick to calculate how many protons came from the weak force interaction and how many came from the electromagnetic force interaction. They alternated the spin of the electrons that they sent into the experimental target. This orientation of this spin is called polarization, and electrons may be polarized so that they spin along the direction that they're traveling or opposite. The electrons' polarization will not affect the number of protons knocked out of the target by the electromagnetic interaction, but it will affect how many protons are scattered by the weak interaction.

 

Since the hydrogen nucleus consists of a single proton, G-Zero researchers send a polarized beam of electrons into a hydrogen target. "We run the beam with polarization in one direction, and we look to see how many protons are scattered. Then we turn the beam around, in polarization at least, and measure for exactly the same amount of time again and look to see how many protons are scattered," Beck says, "The relative difference in those counting rates tells us how big the weak interaction piece is in this scattering of electrons from protons. We compare it to the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and protons, and that gives us the answer that we're looking for."

 

What Strange Quarks Do in the Proton

Beck says the collaboration found that strange quarks contribute to the proton's electric and magnetic fields -- in other words, its charge distribution and magnetization. "All quarks carry charge, and one of the things we measure is where the strange quarks are located in the proton's overall charge distribution," Beck explains, "And then there's a related effect. There are these charged quarks inside the protons, and they're moving around. And when charged objects move around, they can create a magnetic field. In G-Zero, we also measure how strange quarks contribute to the proton's magnetization."

 

G-Zero allowed the researchers to extract a quantity representing the strange quark's overall contribution to both phenomena. "The data indicate that the strange quark contributions are non-zero over the entire range of our measurements," Beck says, "And there are a couple of points that overlap other measurements. They agree, so that's a good thing." The result comes from work performed by the G-Zero collaboration, and was presented at a Jefferson Lab physics seminar June 17.

 

However, by itself, the G-Zero result does not yet allow the researchers to separate the strange quark's contribution to the charge from its contribution to the magnetization. "There's another G-Zero run coming up in December, and that will help us to try to disentangle the contribution of strange quarks to this combination of the charge and the magnetization. So that will give us one more measurement that will allow us to look at those quantities separately," Beck says.

 

G-Zero is a multi-year experimental program designed to measure, through the weak force, the strange quark contribution to proton structure. G-Zero was financed by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. In addition, significant contributions of hardware and scientific/engineering resources were also made by CNRS in France and NSERC in Canada. To date, more than 100 scientists, 22 graduate students and 19 undergraduate students have been involved with G-Zero.

 

Several other electron scattering experiments, including the SAMPLE experiment at MIT-Bates, the A4 experiment at the Mainz Laboratory in Germany, and HAPPEx at Jefferson Lab were also designed to study strange quarks in the proton.

 

Source: Jefferson National Laboratory

[CraigD]

Since I consider argument by authority – even when the authorities are physicists, folk I’m usually trusting of - to be a deadly intellectual sin, a story like this one requires me to map it into terms of phenomena I believe in, using rules of the applicable formal system. So here goes.

 

The applicable formal system

. The Standard Model

.. The applicable rules and terms (not all of the Standard Model, just what I need)

... 2 kinds of fundamental particles

.... Fermions (particle / antiparticle) – atoms of matter are made of these - they can have electromagnetic charge (these do) – charge has polarity.

.…. Electrons / Positron

….. Quarks / Anti-quarks

…… Up

…… Down

…… Strange

.... Bosons – “force carriers” - fermions interact with these.

….. Photons – carry electromagnetic force – atoms need these – charged fermions interact with these.

….. Gluons – carry the strong nuclear force – protons need these – quarks interact with these.

….. W & Z – carry the weak nuclear force

 

Notice that, although the standard model is a quantum mechanical system, and thus should be described in terms of quantum wave functions, it’s OK in using its rules to describe everything I need now to use easier, more intuitive Newtonian mechanics to talk using terms such as “momentum” – a good thing, or I’d have to stop talking now.

 

What I believe in: “pair production” – a photon becomes an Electron and a Positron. Usually, the 2 are attracted by their opposite charges (playing by the rules – they change their momenta by exchange photons of magnetic force) and become the original photon – “pair annihilation”

 

Why I believe: Sometimes, pair annihilation fails to occur. Instead of annihilating with the pair-produced electron, the pair-produced positron annihilates with another electron. Repeat enough, and the left-over electrons can be, and have been detected.

 

What the article claims: “(strange quark) pair production” – a gluon becomes a strange quark and a strange anti-quark. The 2 exchange (W and/or Z bosons of) weak nuclear force with some electrons (the experimental stream), altering their momenta. They change their momenta by exchanging photons of magnetic force, then become the original gluon, with momentum changing by the experimental stream of electrons. The guon goes on doing what it usually does, changing the momenta of the up and down quarks that make up the protons (there’s only one, since hydrogen is being used).

 

How the experiment supports the claim: The weak nuclear force interacts differently with electrons with different polarizations, so the momentum change of the hydrogen atoms changes when the polarization of the electron stream is changed. This is measured by how the atoms scatter.

 

So I’ve managed to map the G-zero collaborative’s claims to something I believe in. There are a lot of missing pieces in my understanding, though, reflecting my poor understanding of the standard model. The most important one is: why do you need strange quarks to exchange W and/or Z bosons with electrons? Why can’t the “permanent” up and down quarks explain the experimental results?

;)

I need a “Standard Model Survival Guide” diagramming and explaining all the relevant particle interactions. The popular science literature teases us with a few of these, and mysterious phrases like “The Standard Model lets us calculate”, but I want a survival guide! (as opposed to more Physics education, which is too much work) Without one, reading about Standard Model physics experiments are, for me at least, the science literature equivalent of watching the X-games – I accept that they’re possible, and am duly impressed, but can barely imagine doing them myself.